[wOvAN]

Источник: "PROBLEMS AND PROGRAMMES RELATED TO ALCOHOL AND DRUG DEPENDENCE
IN 33 COUNTRIES, 1974."

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/offset/WHO_OFFSET_6.pdf

Drug dependence was defined by a WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (1969) as "a state, psychic and sometimes also physical, resulting from the interaction between a living organism and a drug, characterized by behavioural and other responses that always include a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its psychic effects, and sometimes to avoid discomfort of its absence. Tolerance may or may not be present. A person may be dependent on more than one drug." The report of a WHO Scientific Group on the Evaluation of Dependence-Producing Drugs (1969) points out that "The characteristics of drug dependence show wide variations from one generic type to another, which makes it mandatory to establish clearly the pattern for each type." Alcohol is included among the generic types for which "the consistency of the pattern of pharmaco-dynamic actions is sufficiently uniform to permit at this time accurate delineation".

The report of a WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (1969) set out two main conditions "at least one of which must exist for a drug to be considered in need of control":
"(1) The drug is known to be abused other than sporadically or in a local area and the effects of its abuse extend beyond the drug taker; in addition, its mode of spread involves communication between existing and potential drug takers, and an illicit traffic in it is developing.
(2) It is planned to use the drug in medicine and experimental data show that there is a significant psychic or physical dependence liability; the drug is commercially available or may become so."

A WHO Scientific Group on Evaluation of Dependence-Producing Drugs (1964) considered more fully the terms of this definition and stated that "The characteristics of drug dependence show wide variations from one generic type to another, which makes it mandatory to establish clearly the pattern for each type. Even though some variations occur among individual members of each generic group, the consistency of the pattern of pharmacodynamic actions is sufficiently uniform to permit at this time accurate delineation of each of the following generic types: morphine; barbiturate; alcohol; cocaine; amphetamine; hallucinogens; and cannabis."

"Psychic dependence" was defined by this Scientific Group as "psychic drive which requires periodic or chronic administration of the drug for pleasure or to avoid discomfort. Indeed, it is the most powerful of all the factors involved in chronic intoxication with psychotropic drugs. With certain types of drugs it may be the only factor involved, even in the most intense types of craving and perpetuation of compulsive abuse."
The Group pointed out that "Some drugs also induce physical dependence, an adaptive stat characterized by intense physical disturbances when administration of the drug is suspended or its action is counteracted by a specific antagonist. These disturbances, the withdrawal or abstinence syndrome, display a specific spectrum of symptoms and signs of psychic and physical nature characteristic of each drug type. This condition is relieved by readminis-tration of the drug or by another drug of similar pharmacological action within the same generic type."